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 [[england_history_hub|England]] >> [[plantagenet_england|Plantagenet]] [[england_history_hub|England]] >> [[plantagenet_england|Plantagenet]]
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-======Background to the Wars of the Roses======+======Wars of the Roses: Background======
  
-The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster (Lancastrians - red rose) and the supporters of the House of York (Yorkists - white rose). Both houses were direct descendents of king [[edward_iii_1327-1377|Edward III]], with causes of the wars dating back to power struggles between Edward's sons after his death in 1377:+The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster (Lancastrians - red rose) and the supporters of the House of York (Yorkists - white rose).\\  
 +\\  
 +Both houses were direct descendents of king [[edward_iii_1327-1377|Edward III]], with causes of the wars dating back to power struggles between Edward's sons after his death in 1377:
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 {{ ::players_warsoftheroses_001.png |Royal genealogy for the Wars of the Roses}} {{ ::players_warsoftheroses_001.png |Royal genealogy for the Wars of the Roses}}
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 +====Lancaster...====
 [[henry_vi_1422-1461|Henry VI]] was not a strong king like his father, [[henry_v_1413-1422|Henry V]]. At only four months old when his father died, it was his father’s brothers who ruled England and France in his place. In adulthood he was dominated by his ambitious wife, Margaret of Anjou, and prone to bouts of insanity... //[work in progress]// [[henry_vi_1422-1461|Henry VI]] was not a strong king like his father, [[henry_v_1413-1422|Henry V]]. At only four months old when his father died, it was his father’s brothers who ruled England and France in his place. In adulthood he was dominated by his ambitious wife, Margaret of Anjou, and prone to bouts of insanity... //[work in progress]//
- +====York...==== 
-Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, was appointed Regent and Lieutenant of France in 1436, taking the place of the recently deceased John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. The main objective was to retain land in France until Henry VI reached majority to rule in his own name, but the the Treaty of Arras of 1435 and fall of Paris led Richard to settle his troops in Normandy.  +Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, was appointed Regent and commander of the English forces in France in 1436, taking the place of the king's recently deceased uncle John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. The main objective was to retain land in France until Henry VI reached majority to rule in his own name. Richard settled his troops in Normandy. He returned to England in November 1437. When peace negotiations failed in 1440, Richard was again sent to France, this time as Lieutenant. 
 +====... and enter the Beaufort line====
 In 1443, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was given command of a large number of troups, disrupting Richard's resources. Somerset's appointment, however, achieved nothing, and he died on 1444.  In 1443, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was given command of a large number of troups, disrupting Richard's resources. Somerset's appointment, however, achieved nothing, and he died on 1444. 
  
-Richard returned to England, more than likely expecting his services in France to continue, yet the lieutenancy was given to John Beaufort's brother, Edmund, 2nd Duke of Somerset. +Richard returned to England again in 1445, more than likely expecting his services in France to continue, yet the lieutenancy was given to John Beaufort's brother, Edmund, 2nd Duke of Somerset. 
  
 1447 saw the mysterious death of the king's uncle (and heir presumptive) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Richard became a possible successor to the English throne should Henry VI die childless - this year also brought Richard a ten year appointment as Lieutenant of Ireland: an office in exile?  1447 saw the mysterious death of the king's uncle (and heir presumptive) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Richard became a possible successor to the English throne should Henry VI die childless - this year also brought Richard a ten year appointment as Lieutenant of Ireland: an office in exile? 
  
-The war in France was going badly for the English, with Edmund Beaufort surrendering Rouen, leading directly to the fall of Normandy to the French king, Charles VII. Despite becoming unpopular, as a favourite and cousin of King Henry VI, Edmund retained his position in court. Further disaster followed in 1451 with the loss of Bordeaux, and the English were finally driven from France by the defeat at the battle of Castillon in Gascony, 1453.+By 1449, the English failures in France were mounting up. Edmund Beaufort surrendered Rouen, leading directly to the fall of Normandy to the French king, Charles VII. Despite becoming unpopular, as a favourite and cousin of King Henry VI, Edmund retained his position in court. Further disaster followed in 1451 with the loss of Bordeaux, and the English were finally driven from France by the defeat at the battle of Castillon in Gascony, 1453.
  
 King Henry suffered a breakdown and, although the king's councel continued working, with the death of the Chancellor, Cardinal John Kemp, in March 1454, this was no longer constitutional. Despite being opposed by the king's wife, Margaret of Anjou, Richard was named regent as **Protector of the Realm** five days later. Richard appointed his brother-in-law, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor, and had Edmund Beaufort imprisoned in the Tower of London.\\  King Henry suffered a breakdown and, although the king's councel continued working, with the death of the Chancellor, Cardinal John Kemp, in March 1454, this was no longer constitutional. Despite being opposed by the king's wife, Margaret of Anjou, Richard was named regent as **Protector of the Realm** five days later. Richard appointed his brother-in-law, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor, and had Edmund Beaufort imprisoned in the Tower of London.\\ 
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 Duke of York, Warwick, Salisbury - Yorkists\\  Duke of York, Warwick, Salisbury - Yorkists\\ 
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 +**1450 spring & summer:** Jack Cade's Revolt.\\ 
 **1450 August:** Return of Richard, Duke of York from Ireland.\\  **1450 August:** Return of Richard, Duke of York from Ireland.\\ 
 +**1451 spring:** John and William Merfold's Uprising.\\ 
 **1453 December:** Henry VI first bout with mental illness.\\  **1453 December:** Henry VI first bout with mental illness.\\ 
 **1454 April:** Start of York's first protectorate.\\  **1454 April:** Start of York's first protectorate.\\ 
chronology_wars_of_the_roses.1513901102.txt.gz · Last modified: 2017/12/22 00:05 by villagei_admin