simon_de_montfort_c1208-1265
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| ======Simon De Montfort====== | ======Simon De Montfort====== | ||
| - | A french | + | A French |
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| + | =====The sworn confederation of seven barons - April 1258===== | ||
| + | "We, Richard of Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford; Roger Bigod, earl marshal and earl of Norfolk; Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester; Peter of Savoy; Hugh Bigod; John fitz Geoffrey; and Peter of Montfort make known to all people that we have sworn on the holy gospels, and are held together by this oath, and we promise in good faith that each one of us and all of us together will help each other, both ourselves and those belonging to us, against all people, doing right and taking nothing that we cannot take without doing wrong, saving faith to our lord the king of England and to the crown.\\ | ||
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| + | In witness of this thing we have made these letters sealed with our seals...\\ | ||
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| + | And this was done at London, on the Friday after the fortnight after Easter, in the year of our Lord twelve hundred and fifty-eight.\\ | ||
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| + | ---- | ||
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| From: [[https:// | From: [[https:// | ||
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| ======The Provisions of Oxford====== | ======The Provisions of Oxford====== | ||
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| + | The Provisions | ||
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| + | It has been provided that from each county there are to be chosen four discreet and lawful knights who, on every day when the county((county court)) is held, shall assemble to hear all complaints touching any wrongs and injuries inflicted on any persons by sheriffs, bailiffs, or any other men, and to make the attachments that pertain to the said complaints until the first arrival of the chief justiciar in those parts: so that they shall take from the plaintiff adequate pledges for his prosecution, | ||
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| + | Also it is provided that no knight of the aforesaid counties, by virtue of an assurance that he is not to be placed on juries or assizes, shall be excused by a charter of the lord king or be exempt from this provision thus made for the common good of the whole kingdom.\\ | ||
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| + | Those chosen from the Lord King’s side\\ | ||
| + | The lord bishop of London; | ||
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| + | Those chosen from the side of the earls and barons\\ | ||
| + | The lord bishop of Worcester; | ||
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| + | Thus the community of England swore at Oxford\\ | ||
| + | We make known to all people that we have sworn on the holy gospels and are held together by this oath, and promise in good faith, that each one of us and all of us together will help each other, both ourselves and those belonging to us against all people, doing right and taking nothing that we cannot take without doing wrong, saving faith to the king and crown. And we promise on the same oath that none of us will ever take anything of land or movables whereby this oath can be disturbed or in any way impaired. And if any one so acts contrary to this, we will hold him as a mortal enemy.\\ | ||
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| + | This is the oath of the twenty four\\ | ||
| + | Each one swore on the holy gospels that he for the glory of God and in loyalty to the king and for the benefit of the kingdom will obtain and treat with the aforesaid sworn persons upon the reform and improvement of the condition of the kingdom. Sand that he will not fail for gift or promise, for love or hatred, for fear of any one, for gain or loss, loyalty to act according to the tenor of the letter that the king has given on this and his son likewise.\\ | ||
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| + | Thus swore the chief justiciar of England\\ | ||
| + | He swears he will well and loyally according to his power do what belongs to the justiciars office of dispensing justice to all men and for the profit of the king and the kingdom, in accordance with the provision made and to be made by the twenty four, and by the king’s council and the magnates of the land, who will swear to help and support him in these things.\\ | ||
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| + | Thus swore the chancellor of England\\ | ||
| + | That he will not seal any writ except a writ of course without the order of the king and of the councillors who are present. Nor will he seal a gift orf great wardship or of a large sum of money or of escheats without the assent of the full council or of the greater part of it. And that he will not seal anything that is contrary to what has been and will be ordained by the twenty four or by the greater part of them. And that he will not take any reward otherwise than is agreed for others. And he will be given a companion in the way that the council will provide.\\ | ||
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| + | This is the oath taken by the wardens of the castles\\ | ||
| + | That they will keep the king’s castles loyally and in good faith for the use of the king and his heirs. And that they will give them up to the king or his heirs and to no other and through his council and in no other way, that is to say, through men of standing in the land elected to the council or through the greater part of them. And this form above written is to last full twelve years. And henceforth they shall not be prevented by this establishment and this oath from being able to give them up freely to the king or his heirs.\\ | ||
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| + | These are the men sworn of the king’s council.\\ | ||
| + | The Archbishop of Canterbury, The bishop of Worcester, the earl of Leicester; the earl of Gloucester, the earl Marshal, Peter of Savoy, the count of Aumale, the earl of warwick, the earl of Hereford, John Mansel, John Fitz-Geoffrey, | ||
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| + | The twelve on the king’s side have chosen from the twelve on the side of the community the earl Roger Marshal and Hugh Bigod. And the party of the community has chosen from the twelve who are on the side of the king the earl of Warwick and John Mansel.\\ | ||
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| + | And these four have power to elect the council of the king; and when they have made the election, they shall designate those to the twenty-four. And that shall hold on which the majority of these four agree.\\ | ||
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| + | These are the twelve who have been elected by the barons, on behalf of the whole community of the land, to consider common needs along with the king’s council at the three annual parliaments: | ||
| + | The lord bishop of London, the earl of Winchester, the earl of Hereford, Philip Basset, John de Balliol, John de Verdun, John de Grey, Roger de Sumery, Roger de Mohaut, Hugh Despencer, Thomas de Gresley, Giles d’Argentein.\\ | ||
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| + | These are the twenty-four appointed by the community to consider aid for the king: | ||
| + | The bishop of Worcester, the bishop of London, the bishop of Salisbury, the earl of Leicester, the earl of Gloucester, the earl Marshal, Peter of Savoy, the earl of Hereford, the count of Aumale, the earl of Winchester, the earl of Oxford, John Fitz-Geoffrey, | ||
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| + | And if any one of these cannot or will not be present, those who are present shall have power to elect another in his place.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the state of Holy Church\\ | ||
| + | It should be remembered that the state of Holy Church is to be amended by the twenty-four chosen to reform the state of the kingdom of England — at what time and place they think best, according to the powers that they hold by writ of the king of England.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the chief justice\\ | ||
| + | Furthermore that a chief justice — or two — shall be appointed; also what power he shall have; and that he shall be for only one year, so that at the end of the year he shall render account of his term before the king and the royal council and before the man who is to follow him.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the treasurer and the exchequer\\ | ||
| + | The same with regard to the treasurer; so that he shall render account at the end of the year. And according to the ordinance of the said twenty-four, | ||
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| + | Concerning the chancellor\\ | ||
| + | The same with regard to the chancellor; so that he shall render account of his term at the end of the year, and that merely by the king’s will he shall seal nothing out of course, but shall do so by the council that surrounds the king.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the power of the justice and of the bailiffs\\ | ||
| + | The chief justice has power to redress the misdeeds of all other justices, of bailiffs, of earls, of barons, and of all other people, according to the rightful law of the land. And writs are to be pleaded according to the law of the land in the proper places. And the justices shall accept nothing unless it is a present of bread and wine and like things: namely, such meat and drink as have been customarily brought for the day to the tables of the chief men. And this same regulation shall be understood for all the king’s councillors and all his bailiffs. And no bailiff, by virtue of his office or of some plea, shall take any fee, either by his own hand or in any manner through another person. And if he is convicted, let him be punished; likewise the man who gives. And the king, if it is suitable, shall give fees to his justices and to his people who serve him, so that they shall have no need of taking anything from others.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the sheriffs\\ | ||
| + | As sheriffs there shall be appointed loyal persons, good men who are landholders; | ||
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| + | It should be remembered that, with regard to the Jewry and the wardens of the Jewry, such reforms are to be established as shall carry out the oath in this respect.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the escheators((A royal officer responsible for dealing with the reversion of property to the state, or a lord, on the owner dying without legal heirs. ))\\ | ||
| + | Good escheators are to be appointed. And they shall take nothing from goods of deceased persons whose lands ought to be in the king’s hands; but that, if a debt is owing to him, the escheators shall have free administration of the goods until they have carried out the king’s wishes — and this according to the provision in the charter of liberties. Also inquiry shall be made concerning the misdeeds committed there by escheators, and that redress shall be made for such. Nor shall tallage or anything else be taken, except as it should be according to the charter of liberties.\\ | ||
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| + | The charter of liberties is to be strictly observed.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the exchange of London\\ | ||
| + | It should be remembered to establish reforms touching the exchange of London; also touching the city of London and all the other cities of the king, which have been brought to shame and ruin by tallages and other oppressions.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the household of the king and queen\\ | ||
| + | It should be remembered to reform the household of the king and queen.\\ | ||
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| + | Concerning the parliaments, | ||
| + | It should be remembered that the twenty-four have ordained that there are to be three parliaments a year: the first on the octave of St. Michael, the second on the morrow of Candlemas, and the third on the first day of June, that is to say, three weeks before St. John [this means 6th October, 3rd February and 3rd June]. To these three parliaments the chosen councillors of the king shall come, even if they are not summoned, in order to examine the state of the kingdom and to consider the common needs of the kingdom and likewise of the king; and by the king’s command also at other times, whenever it is necessary. So too it should be remembered that the community is to elect twelve good men, who shall come to the three parliaments and at other times, when there is need and when the king and his council summon them to consider the affairs of the king and the kingdom. And the community shall hold as established whatever these twelve shall do — and this is to reduce the cost to the community. Fifteen are to be named by these four men — that is to say, by the earl Marshal, the earl of Warwick, Hugh le Bigot, and John Mansel — who have been elected by the twenty-four to name the aforesaid fifteen, who are to form the king’s council. And they are to be confirmed by the aforesaid twenty-four, | ||
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| From: [[https:// | From: [[https:// | ||
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| Annulled by papal bulls in 1261 and 1262 and by Louis IX of France in the Mise of Amiens (January 1264), the Provisions were restored by baronial action in 1263 and, in modified form, in 1264 but finally annulled by the Dictum of Kenilworth (October 1266).// | Annulled by papal bulls in 1261 and 1262 and by Louis IX of France in the Mise of Amiens (January 1264), the Provisions were restored by baronial action in 1263 and, in modified form, in 1264 but finally annulled by the Dictum of Kenilworth (October 1266).// | ||
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| **NOTE:** In italics saved from online sources as a starting outline only. | **NOTE:** In italics saved from online sources as a starting outline only. | ||
simon_de_montfort_c1208-1265.1514039370.txt.gz · Last modified: 2017/12/23 14:29 by villagei_admin