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--- wars_of_the_roses_background [2017/12/23 07:24] – villagei_admin
+++ wars_of_the_roses_background [2017/12/25 00:23] (current) – villagei_admin
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 The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster (Lancastrians - red rose) and the supporters of the House of York (Yorkists - white rose).\\
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-Both houses were direct descendants of king [[edward_iii_1327-1377|Edward III]], a tangled dynastic briar, with causes of the wars dating back to power struggles between Edward's sons:
+Both houses were direct descendants of king [[edward_iii_1312-1377|Edward III]], a tangled dynastic briar, with causes of the wars dating back to power struggles between Edward's sons:
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 {{ ::players_warsoftheroses_001.png |Royal genealogy for the Wars of the Roses}}
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 [[henry_v_1413-1422|Henry V]] invaded France, conquering Normandy and Rouen for England. In 1420 he married Catherine of Valois, the daughter of the king of France, and they had one child, Henry, yet died from dysentery in 1422.
-[[henry_vi_1422-1461|Henry VI]] was not a strong king like his father, [[henry_v_1413-1422|Henry V]]. Still an infant when his father died, it was four paternal kinsmen((John, Duke of Bedford, uncle; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, uncle; Henry, Cardinal Beaufort, half great uncle; Richard, Duke of York, 2nd cousin once removed)) who ruled England and France in his place. He was crowned King of England((Coronation, 6 November 1429, Westminster Abbey)) and, through the Treaty of Troyes, King of France((Coronation, 16 December 1431, Notre-Dame de Paris)) after the death of his maternal grandfather Charles VI. In adulthood, however, he was dominated by his ambitious wife, Margaret of Anjou, and prone to bouts of insanity... //[work in progress]//
+[[henry_vi_1421-1461|Henry VI]] was not a strong king like his father, [[henry_v_1413-1422|Henry V]]. Still an infant when his father died, it was four paternal kinsmen((John, Duke of Bedford, uncle; Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, uncle; Henry, Cardinal Beaufort, half great uncle; Richard, Duke of York, 2nd cousin once removed)) who ruled England and France in his place. He was crowned King of England((Coronation, 6 November 1429, Westminster Abbey)) and, through the Treaty of Troyes, King of France((Coronation, 16 December 1431, Notre-Dame de Paris)) after the death of his maternal grandfather Charles VI. In adulthood, however, he was dominated by his ambitious wife, Margaret of Anjou, and prone to psychotic episodes.
 ====York...====
-Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, was appointed Regent and commander of the English forces in France in 1436, taking the place of the king's recently deceased uncle John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. The main objective was to retain land in France until Henry VI reached majority to rule in his own right. Richard settled his troops in Normandy. He returned to England in November 1437. When peace negotiations failed in 1440, Richard was again sent to France, this time as Lieutenant.
+[[richard_of_york_1411-1460|Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York]] was appointed Regent and commander of the English forces in France in 1436, taking the place of the king's recently deceased uncle John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. The main objective was to retain land in France until Henry VI reached majority to rule in his own right. Richard settled his troops in Normandy. He returned to England in November 1437. When peace negotiations failed in 1440, Richard was again sent to France, this time as Lieutenant.
 ====... and enter the Beaufort line: excepta dignitate regali===
-In 1443, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was given command of a large number of troops, disrupting Richard's resources. Somerset's appointment, however, achieved nothing, and he died on 1444.
+In 1443, John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, was given command of a large number of troops, disrupting Richard's resources. Somerset's appointment, however, achieved nothing and he died on 1444.
 Richard returned to England again in 1445, more than likely expecting his services in France to continue, yet the lieutenancy was given to John Beaufort's brother, Edmund, 2nd Duke of Somerset. If the intrusion of 1443 by John Beaufort hadn't already caused a problem for Richard, this most certainly did.
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 saw the mysterious death of the king's uncle (and heir presumptive) Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and Richard became a possible successor to the English throne should Henry VI die childless - this year also brought Richard a ten year appointment as Lieutenant of Ireland: an office in exile.
-By 1449, the English failures in France were mounting up. Edmund Beaufort surrendered Rouen, leading directly to the fall of Normandy. Yet, despite becoming unpopular, as a favourite and cousin((half first cousin once removed)) of King Henry VI, Edmund retained his position in court. Further disaster followed in 1451 with the loss of Bordeaux, and the English were finally driven from France by the defeat at the battle of Castillon in Gascony((the final battle of the Hundred Years' War)), 1453.
+By 1449, the English failures in France were mounting up. Edmund Beaufort surrendered Rouen, leading directly to the fall of Normandy. Yet, despite becoming unpopular, as a favourite and cousin((half first cousin once removed)) of King Henry VI, Edmund retained his position in court. Further disaster followed in 1451 with the loss of Bordeaux, and the English troops were finally driven from France by the defeat at the battle of Castillon in Gascony((the final battle of the Hundred Years' War)), 1453.
 King Henry suffered a breakdown and although the king's council continued working, with the death of the Chancellor, Cardinal John Kemp, in March 1454, this was no longer constitutional. Despite being opposed by the king's wife, Margaret of Anjou, Richard was named regent as **Protector of the Realm** five days later. Richard appointed his brother-in-law, Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, as Chancellor, and had Edmund Beaufort imprisoned in the Tower of London, while also dismissing some of the Queen’s Lancastrian advisors.\\
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 {{ ::genealogy_henry_vii.png |Genealogy of Henry VII}}
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+{{tag>Beaufort Edward_III Edward_IV Henry_VI Lancaster Margaret_of_Anjou Neville Wars_of_the_Roses York}}
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